Understanding Patient Awareness and Modifiable Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease, is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and an escalating public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. Urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and low awareness have driven rising IHD incidence. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge of IHD risk factors, prevalence of modifiable risk factors, and preventive behaviors among patients in Chakwal District, Pakistan, with attention to sociodemographic and lifestyle influences. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 patients at District Headquarters Hospital, Chakwal, using a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, medical/family history, lifestyle habits, and IHD awareness. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 for frequencies, means, and associations. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent ensured. The sample comprised 57% females and 43% males, with 57.1% rural residents. Key risk factors included family history of heart disease (89%), diabetes (77.1%), smoking (62.9%), and sedentary lifestyle (68.6%). Only 31.4% followed healthy diets. Awareness was moderate for some risks (advancing age 74%, obesity 54.3%, stress 51.4%) but limited for preventive measures (quitting smoking 43%, regular exercise 37.1%, mental well-being 45.7%). Most (80%) valued medical guidance for prevention. High prevalence of modifiable risk factors and gaps in preventive knowledge highlight the need for targeted education, particularly in rural areas. Strengthened public health initiatives focusing on awareness, screening, and lifestyle interventions are essential to reduce IHD burden in Pakistan.