Microbiological Quality of Water in Kyrgyzstan: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Kyrgyzstan, a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia, relies heavily on glacialfed rivers, lakes, and groundwater for its water supply. Despite the generally pristine nature of its surface water sources, microbiological contamination remains a significant concern for public health, particularly in drinking water distribution systems and certain localized areas. This comprehensive review examines existing research on the microbiological quality of water resources across Kyrgyzstan, including rivers, lakes (notably Issyk Kul), groundwater, and centralized and rural drinking water supplies. Studies reveal that surface waters in major rivers typically exhibit low levels of fecal coliforms (0–23 MPN/100 mL), indicating good overall quality due to glacial origins. However, specific sites, such as the MailuuSuu River influenced by historical uranium mining tailings, show elevated pathogenic bacteria and coliforms. Tap water monitoring indicates noncompliance with microbiological standards in 2.2–3.4% of samples nationally, with higher rates (up to 28.3%) in regions like JalalAbad, Chui, and Issyk Kul. Key contaminants include total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, linked to inadequate sanitation, livestock activities, and infrastructure deficiencies. Waterborne diseases, including acute intestinal infections, correlate with these contamination patterns. Bacterial community studies in Lake IssykKul highlight stratified microbial diversity but limited evidence of widespread pathogenic pollution. This review underscores disparities between source water quality and enduser supply, emphasizing the need for enhanced monitoring, sanitation improvements, and risk management to mitigate health risks. Findings are based on peerreviewed studies, conference proceedings, and international reports from 2016 to 2025.