Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research
The Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR) is an open access, peer reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing high quality research across a wide range of disciplines. Published by Jalal-Abad International University in Kyrgyzstan, EJSMR serves as a dynamic platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative findings, foster cross-disciplinary collaboration, and address contemporary global and regional challenges. With a special focus on the Eurasian region and a welcoming stance toward contributions worldwide, the journal covers fields such as natural sciences, engineering, medicine, social sciences, humanities, environmental studies, business, and economics. Key Information Publisher: Jalal-Abad International University Language of edition: Russian, English Registration: Registered in the Department of Justice of the Jalal-Abad Region of the MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC. Mass media registration certificate registration №10353, 29 - January 2025 Publication frequency: 3 times per year ISSN 1694-9005 (Print) ISSN 1694-9013 (Online) Founded: January 2025 www.ejsmr.org
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS
The purpose of this article is to discuss the use of modern AI tools and technologies in education. The article will focus on a detailed review of the current situation and methods for implementing AI in various sectors and, finally, in education. In particular, it was important to identify the main directions for the use of AI in training with a focus on students and teachers as the main aspects of the use of AI in modern educational approaches. Secondly, some advantages and disadvantages of AI implementation in education are analyzed, supported by the experience of industry leaders and specific indicators of satisfaction of existing users. The most significant part includes the integration of data showing facts about the use of artificial intelligence in education in 2024, such as the best online learning statistics for 2024, the best AI statistics for 2024, and the best AI plagiarism checkers for educators in 2024, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT OF GREEN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN KEY SECTORS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Amid global environmental challenges, the transition to a green economy has become a strategic priority for countries striving for sustainability and economic diversification. This process is particularly relevant for the Kyrgyz Republic, which possesses significant natural assets but is simultaneously vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the potential and barriers to green economy development in the country's key sectors. The research methodology was based on a systematic review and integrated analysis of academic publications from 2020-2025, sectoral reports from international organizations (World Bank, ADB, UNDP), and national strategic documents. The findings revealed that the greatest potential for "greening" is concentrated in the energy, agriculture, and tourism sectors. The energy sector was found to have vast but largely untapped hydropower potential (less than 15% utilized), as well as significant prospects for solar and wind generation, which are hindered by outdated infrastructure and inflexible tariff policies. In the agricultural sector, opportunities were identified for expanding organic farming and implementing water-saving technologies, but progress is slowed by land degradation and a lack of accessible green loans for farmers. In tourism, a high potential for community-based ecotourism was noted, impeded by underdeveloped infrastructure and waste management issues. The main cross-cutting barriers were identified as a deficit of targeted financing, a fragmented regulatory framework, and weak inter-agency coordination. The practical value of this work lies in its findings, which can be used to develop sectoral greening roadmaps and to inform investors about promising areas and existing risks in Kyrgyzstan's transition to a green growth model.
Microbiological Quality of Water in Kyrgyzstan: A Comprehensive Review
Kyrgyzstan, a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia, relies heavily on glacialfed rivers, lakes, and groundwater for its water supply. Despite the generally pristine nature of its surface water sources, microbiological contamination remains a significant concern for public health, particularly in drinking water distribution systems and certain localized areas. This comprehensive review examines existing research on the microbiological quality of water resources across Kyrgyzstan, including rivers, lakes (notably Issyk Kul), groundwater, and centralized and rural drinking water supplies. Studies reveal that surface waters in major rivers typically exhibit low levels of fecal coliforms (0–23 MPN/100 mL), indicating good overall quality due to glacial origins. However, specific sites, such as the MailuuSuu River influenced by historical uranium mining tailings, show elevated pathogenic bacteria and coliforms. Tap water monitoring indicates noncompliance with microbiological standards in 2.2–3.4% of samples nationally, with higher rates (up to 28.3%) in regions like JalalAbad, Chui, and Issyk Kul. Key contaminants include total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, linked to inadequate sanitation, livestock activities, and infrastructure deficiencies. Waterborne diseases, including acute intestinal infections, correlate with these contamination patterns. Bacterial community studies in Lake IssykKul highlight stratified microbial diversity but limited evidence of widespread pathogenic pollution. This review underscores disparities between source water quality and enduser supply, emphasizing the need for enhanced monitoring, sanitation improvements, and risk management to mitigate health risks. Findings are based on peerreviewed studies, conference proceedings, and international reports from 2016 to 2025.
ASSESSMENT OF THE GEODYNAMIC STATE OF THE ROCK MASS AT A HIGHLAND DEPOSIT
This article presents an approach to assessing the geodynamic state of the rock mass at a highland deposit. It has been established that the stress state of the medium is determined by both natural and anthropogenic factors, including tectonic forces and the blocky structure of the rock mass. The study applies the general theory of limit states and stress invariants, including the Lode–Nadai parameter. Calculations of vertical and horizontal stresses were carried out using the hypotheses of Heim, Dinnik, and Aitmatov. It was found that in tectonically active regions, horizontal stresses significantly exceed vertical ones. Based on the Lode–Nadai coefficient, it is shown that gold ore deposits in Kyrgyzstan are characterized by a state of horizontal compression. The obtained results have practical significance for the assessment of slope stability in open-pit mines and for the prediction of geomechanical risks.
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON THE SAFETY FACTOR OF A MULTI-TIER WASTE DUMP
This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the stability of multi-tier waste dumps placed on the slopes of highland deposits. The main focus is on the influence of geometrical parameters—such as dump height, berm width between tiers, and slope angle—on the value of the safety factor. Calculations were carried out using the GeoStudio Slope/W software based on the Morgenstern-Price method. The parameter values were selected based on engineering and geological investigations typical for highland mining conditions. It was established that increasing the berm width between tiers leads to a higher safety factor due to stress redistribution and a reduction in shear deformations. It was also found that as the berm width increases, the dump slope angle decreases, resulting in improved overall stability. The obtained relationships can be applied in the design of waste dumps under mountainous conditions to enhance reliability and reduce technogenic risks.
Surgical Treatment of Astrocytoma: Insights from Contemporary Evidence
Astrocytomas represent a heterogeneous group of glial tumors ranging from indolent low-grade lesions to aggressive high-grade malignancies. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment, with the extent of resection (EOR) consistently identified as a key prognostic factor across grades. This systematic literature review synthesizes contemporary evidence on surgical strategies for astrocytomas, emphasizing the impact of gross total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), and adjuvant technologies such as fluorescence-guided surgery, awake craniotomy, and intraoperative neuromonitoring. A comprehensive analysis of studies from 2021–2025, including meta-analyses and retrospective series, demonstrates that maximal safe resection significantly improves overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in both low- and high-grade astrocytomas, particularly pilocytic, diffuse low-grade, and anaplastic variants. Advanced surgical adjuncts enhance EOR while minimizing neurological deficits. This review integrates findings from recent guidelines and highlights ongoing challenges in balancing oncological efficacy with quality of life. Evidence supports early aggressive surgery for resectable tumors, with multimodal integration of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for higher grades.
Understanding Patient Awareness and Modifiable Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease, is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and an escalating public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. Urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and low awareness have driven rising IHD incidence. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge of IHD risk factors, prevalence of modifiable risk factors, and preventive behaviors among patients in Chakwal District, Pakistan, with attention to sociodemographic and lifestyle influences. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 patients at District Headquarters Hospital, Chakwal, using a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, medical/family history, lifestyle habits, and IHD awareness. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 for frequencies, means, and associations. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent ensured. The sample comprised 57% females and 43% males, with 57.1% rural residents. Key risk factors included family history of heart disease (89%), diabetes (77.1%), smoking (62.9%), and sedentary lifestyle (68.6%). Only 31.4% followed healthy diets. Awareness was moderate for some risks (advancing age 74%, obesity 54.3%, stress 51.4%) but limited for preventive measures (quitting smoking 43%, regular exercise 37.1%, mental well-being 45.7%). Most (80%) valued medical guidance for prevention. High prevalence of modifiable risk factors and gaps in preventive knowledge highlight the need for targeted education, particularly in rural areas. Strengthened public health initiatives focusing on awareness, screening, and lifestyle interventions are essential to reduce IHD burden in Pakistan.
Fear of Infertility Among Adults in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Emotional, Social, and Informational Aspects
Infertility is increasingly recognized as a multifaceted issue encompassing biomedical, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and intensity of fear of infertility among adults in Pakistan, exploring associated emotional responses, societal pressures, and access to fertility-related information. An online structured questionnaire was distributed via social media and email in April–May 2025, yielding 270 valid responses from participants aged ≥18 years residing in Pakistan. Fear of infertility was self-rated on a 0–10 scale, with emotional reactions, societal pressure, and informational access also assessed. Results revealed that 68.8% of participants reported moderate to extreme fear (scores 5–10), with marked variations by gender, marital status, and residence. Anxiety was the predominant emotional response (45.6%), followed by sadness (30.1%). Societal pressure was rated moderate to extreme by 18.8%, and 12.7% reported poor access to information. Notable gender differences emerged, with males reporting higher rates of extreme fear. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive public education, culturally sensitive psychological support, and improved equitable access to fertility services and information.
Optical Coherence Tomography as a Tool for Detecting Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects in Glaucoma Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has emerged as a valuable tool in glaucoma diagnosis, particularly for assessing retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness changes. It enables precise evaluation of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and provides critical insights into the association between RNFL thickness and disease progression. Additionally, OCT supports diagnosis, assessment, prediction, and research in glaucoma. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved patients diagnosed with glaucoma. OCT scans were performed to measure RNFL thickness, and data on demographics, intraocular pressure (IOP), and cup-to-disc (CD) ratio were collected via questionnaires. The aim was to identify correlations between RNFL defects and clinical parameters. Results: Glaucoma patients exhibited significantly thinner RNFL compared to healthy controls. A notable correlation was observed between elevated IOP and the severity of RNFL defects. These findings underscore OCT's efficacy in enhancing glaucoma diagnosis and facilitating early intervention. The study was conducted at an eye surgery clinic using the NIDEK RS 3000 OCT device for RNFL analysis. Measurements across four quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal, temporal) were obtained from 45 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. RNFL thickness changes were detected in 39 patients (86.7%), with marked thinning in the nasal quadrant (80%), temporal quadrant (66.7%), superior quadrant (71.1%), and inferior quadrant (60%). Conclusion: OCT serves as an effective indicator for detecting RNFL defects in glaucoma patients. This study highlights its clinical utility for early detection and intervention, aiding in vision preservation for at-risk individuals.
Knowledge and Practice of Nurses Regarding High-Alert Medications: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: High-alert medications (HAMs) are associated with a high risk of severe patient harm when administered incorrectly. Nurses are primarily responsible for medication administration and play a critical role in preventing medication errors. Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices of nurses regarding the administration and regulation of high-alert medications.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 197 registered nurses using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: Although nurses demonstrated acceptable knowledge in selected regulatory aspects of HAMs, substantial gaps were identified in IV bolus administration, insulin dosing, electrolyte handling, pediatric dose measurement, and storage practices. Knowledge levels were higher among ICU nurses, male nurses, and those with prior HAM-related training. Conclusion: Nurses’ knowledge regarding high-alert medications remains inadequate in several critical areas, increasing the risk of medication errors. Regular training, standardized operating procedures, and strengthened interprofessional collaboration are urgently needed.
Characteristics of somatotypes in Kyrgyz women
It should be considered that the body constitution which is widely used in the preventive and clinical medicine leaves an imprint on the body mass index. The objective of this work is to study the features of body mass index and fat body mass in females of different compositional and age groups. Materials and Methods. Using the method of complex anthropometry and bioimpedancometry (“Medass”), we have also studied the physical status of 580 ethnic Kyrgyz women from Osh, Kyrgyzstan and its surroundings. Statistical data processing included the calculation of arithmetic mean and error, as well as the minimum and maximum of each indicator (variation amplitude). The significance of difference was assessed by Student’s t-test. Results. The body length and weight and, accordingly, the body mass index, significantly depend on the type of body constitution. The absolute fat mass is also unequal in women of different compositional groups. The minimum and maximum of the absolute and percentage fat mass in women of the period of adulthood II with different body constitutions are, in general, more than in juvenile period. Conclusion. The obtained results can be used to develop measures aimed at the timely detection of overweight and obesity as well as for the implementation of measures to prevent alimentary-related diseases in juvenile and adulthood period. Somatometric assessment of the physical development can be used in the dynamic monitoring of health status in organized groups: in educational institutions, youth sports schools, enterprises.
Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Topical Vs Oral Treatments in Managing Acne Vulgaris, Review of Therapeutic Outcomes and Patient Responses
Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with significant physical, psychological, and quality-of-life impairment. Although topical and systemic therapies are widely used for moderate-to-severe acne, comparative evidence evaluating their efficacy, safety, and impact on quality of life remains limited. Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy, safety profile, and quality-of-life outcomes of topical therapy versus systemic therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind study was conducted among 360 patients aged 16–40 years with moderate or severe acne vulgaris. Participants were randomized into three groups: topical therapy, systemic therapy, and combination therapy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA), lesion count reduction, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Acne-QoL scores over 24 weeks. Results: All treatment groups showed significant clinical improvement. Systemic and combination therapies resulted in significantly greater reductions in inflammatory and total lesion counts compared with topical therapy alone (p<0.001). Combination therapy achieved the highest IGA success rate (78.3%). Quality-of-life scores improved significantly across all groups and correlated positively with clinical improvement. Topical therapy demonstrated superior tolerability. Conclusion: Systemic therapy provides greater short-term efficacy in moderate-to-severe acne, while topical therapy offers a safer alternative. Combination therapy yields optimal clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. Individualized treatment selection is essential.
Fractional CO2 laser vs Intralesional Corticosteroids in Alopecia Areata: A comparative study of Efficacy, Safety and Predictive factors
Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Fractional CO2 laser with Intra lesional steroid injection in treament of alopecia areata. Methodology: This Clinical trial was carried out among 60 patients attending Outpatient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka within the defined period from January 2024 to June 2024. Permission was taken from the Administrative Head of the Hospital authority to collect data. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the patients. Informed written consent was taken from each Participant. Privacy and confidentiality was maintained strictly. The collected data were entered into the computer and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20.1). Patient diagnosed with alopecia areata by qualified Dermatologists will be enrolled for the study. Result: The CO2 laser group demonstrated superior outcomes, with 23 patients (76.7%) achieving clinically significant response (≥ 50% regrowth) compared to 14 patients (46.7%) in the intralesional corticosteroid injection (ILC) group (p= 0.020). This represents a 30% absolute improvement and a 3.79- fold higher odd of treatment success with fractionated CO2 laser therapy. Treatment failure was relatively higher 08 (26.7%) in ILC group, (p= 0.097) Conclusion: Fractional CO2 laser could be a better therapeutic alternative for treating alopecia areata in comparison to traditional Intralesional corticosteroid injection due to less complication.
From Fever to Resolution: Successful Management of Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis with Dexamethasone Monotherapy in a ResourceLimited Setting – A Case Report
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by uncontrolled immune activation, leading to cytokine storm, multiorgan dysfunction, and high mortality if untreated. Secondary HLH in adults is often triggered by infections, malignancies, or autoimmune conditions, presenting with nonspecific symptoms such as persistent fever, cytopenias, and organomegaly, which pose significant diagnostic challenges in resource limited settings. This case report describes a 35yearold male from Panchkhal, Nepal, who presented with prolonged high grade fever initially misdiagnosed as enteric fever and later complicated by hospital acquired pneumonia. Despite broad spectrum antibiotics, symptoms persisted, prompting transfer to Dhulikhel Hospital. Clinical examination revealed splenomegaly, bicytopenia, and respiratory distress requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Laboratory findings included marked hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and evidence of hemophagocytosis on bone marrow aspiration, fulfilling ≥5 HLH2004 diagnostic criteria, supporting a diagnosis of secondary HLH likely infection triggered. Standard treatment per HLH2004 protocol involves dexamethasone and etoposide, with cyclosporine in select cases. However, due to financial constraints and limited availability of etoposide in this resource limited setting, dexamethasone monotherapy was initiated (10 mg/m²/day initially, tapered over weeks). The patient showed rapid clinical improvement: fever resolved within days, cytopenias corrected, and organ function normalized. He was extubated, weaned off support, and discharged after full recovery without relapse on followup. This case highlights the diagnostic hurdles of HLH in low resource environments, where advanced tests (e.g., soluble CD25, NK cell activity, genetic profiling) are unavailable. It also demonstrates that dexamethasone monotherapy can achieve complete remission in select adult secondary HLH cases, particularly infection associated forms, avoiding the toxicity and cost of etoposide. In regions like Nepal, where HLH remains underreported and mortality high due to delayed diagnosis, this approach may offer a feasible alternative, warranting further prospective studies to validate efficacy and identify predictors of response.
Clinical Progress and Prognosis in Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Insights from Contemporary Evidence
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) serves as a critical warning for ischemic stroke, with recent advances in rapid evaluation and secondary prevention significantly altering its prognosis. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes evidence from studies published between 2020 and 2025, highlighting reductions in short-term stroke risk due to urgent management protocols, while emphasizing persistent long-term risks. Key prognostic factors include diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) positivity, large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolic etiology, and clinical variables such as age and diabetes. Contemporary short-term (90-day) stroke risks range from 1–6% in optimized settings, contrasting with historical rates of 10–20%. Long-term (5–10 year) risks remain elevated at 9–15%, underscoring the need for sustained prevention. Imaging and etiologic stratification emerge as pivotal for risk prediction beyond traditional clinical scores. Clinical implications focus on multimodal assessment and personalized therapy to mitigate recurrence.
Radiological Assessment of Reparative Processes in Periapical Tissues Following Photodynamic Therapy with 450 nm Blue Light (Based on CBCT Data)
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the clinical and radiological characteristics and the dynamics of reparative processes in periapical tissues following endodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the radiological dynamics of periapical tissue repair after the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 450-nm blue light in the management of chronic apical periodontitis, based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. The study included 60 patients aged 18–60 years who sought dental care for chronic forms of apical periodontitis. The findings demonstrate that the use of PDT as part of comprehensive endodontic therapy promotes more pronounced and accelerated restoration of the cortical (compact) bone plate in the periapical region. In the main group, partial bone regeneration was observed significantly more frequently at the 3-month follow-up compared with the control group, while by 6 months the rate of complete bone recovery was also higher. These results indicate the positive impact of PDT on the rate of reparative processes and the formation of normal bone architecture, supporting the use of this method as an effective component of outpatient endodontic practice.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding Hepatitis among foreign students of medical faculty in Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan: A cross-sectional study
Introduction: Viral hepatitis remains a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, responsible for 1.3 million deaths globally in 2022. Despite being preventable and treatable, significant knowledge gaps persist, especially among future healthcare providers. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate hepatitis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among foreign medical students and identify educational gaps affecting prevention and vaccination awareness. Methodology: A cross-sectional prospective and descriptive study was conducted among 204 foreign students of medical faculty in Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan using a pre-structured online questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS (v26), applying descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations, forming pie-charts and bar-graphs. Results: Among respondents knowledge of enteric hepatitis (A and E) was high, with 83.3% and 70.6% correctly identifying food/water-borne transmission. Blood-borne transmission of HBV and HCV was recognized by 77% and 66%, respectively. Awareness of HDV’s co-dependence on HBV was limited (only 40%). Hepatitis B and A vaccine awareness stood at 77% and 78.4%, while only 25.5% and 43.1% reported availability for hepatitis D and E vaccines. Symptom recognition was high for jaundice (79.9%) and fatigue (75.5%). Preventive practice adherence, including universal precautions (M = 1.40) and PPE use (M = 2.59), was moderate. Knowledge accuracy improved progressively by academic year. Conclusion: While overall hepatitis awareness was satisfactory, significant deficiencies remain in vaccine knowledge, clinical understanding of HDV/HEV, and preventive behaviours. Early, structured infection control education and vaccination literacy programs are essential to bridge these gaps.
Relationship between Socio-demographic factor and Functional Outcome of Femoral Neck Fracture Osteosynthesis by Biplane Double Supported Screw Fixation Method (BDSF)
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between socio-demographic factor and functional outcome of femoral neck fracture osteosynthesis by biplane double supported screw fixation (BDSF) method. Methodology: This was a single group prospective hospital based clinical trial and was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery in Chittagong medical college hospital for a period of one and half year from July 2018 to July 2020. Sample size was 30 with (AO /OTA-31B) fracture as per set criteria treated with BDSF enrolled through inclusion and exclusion criteria. Depending on the overall functional outcome patients were grouped as having excellent to good outcome and fair to poor outcome according to Harris hip score. Patients were followed up for 12 months. Result: Mean 40.61 ± 12.756 years of age, male sex, no delayed union and no non-union patients had greater chance of having excellent functional outcome. Non-union has showed very highly statistical significant significance according to P value. Conclusion: Middle age and male patients had greater chance of having excellent functional outcome.
Age and Gender as Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival in Surgically Treated Glioblastoma: A Systematic Literature Review
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive primary brain tumors, with surgical resection serving as the cornerstone of initial management. This systematic literature review synthesizes evidence from studies published between 2020 and 2025 on the influence of age and gender on overall survival (OS) outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for GBM. A comprehensive search of academic databases identified 28 relevant studies, encompassing retrospective cohorts, meta-analyses, population-based analyses, and case reports. Key findings indicate that advanced age at diagnosis is consistently associated with poorer OS, with hazard ratios (HR) typically exceeding 1.02 per year increment, reflecting accelerated mortality risk in older patients. Gender disparities reveal mixed results: while some studies report a survival advantage for females (HR 0.71–0.85), others observe no significant difference or even higher short-term mortality in women, potentially influenced by tumor biology, treatment tolerance, or comorbidities. Extent of resection emerges as a critical modifier, with gross total resection (GTR) extending median OS by 6–24 months across age and gender strata. These insights underscore the need for personalized surgical strategies, considering demographic factors to optimize multimodal therapy. Limitations include heterogeneity in study designs and adjuvant protocols. Future research should prioritize prospective trials to elucidate molecular underpinnings of these disparities.
Editorial Message – Winter Issue (Third Edition, 2025)
Dear Readers, Authors, Reviewers, and Members of the Editorial Board, It is with immense satisfaction and gratitude that I present the Winter Issue of the Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR) – the third and final issue of 2025. This edition marks the successful completion of another productive year for our journal, during which we have continued to build a vibrant platform for high-quality, innovative research across diverse disciplines, with a particular emphasis on contributions from the Eurasian region and beyond. The papers featured in this Winter Issue reflect the breadth and depth of contemporary scholarship that EJSMR strives to promote. From advancements in natural sciences and engineering to insightful explorations in social sciences, medicine, economics, and environmental studies, these contributions demonstrate the interdisciplinary spirit that defines our journal. We are proud to showcase work that not only advances knowledge but also addresses real-world challenges faced by our global and regional communities. On behalf of the entire editorial team, I extend my deepest thanks to all who have made this issue – and the entire 2025 volume – possible. First and foremost, heartfelt gratitude goes to our authors for entrusting us with their valuable research and for their patience and responsiveness throughout the publication process. To our dedicated peer reviewers, whose rigorous and constructive feedback ensures the highest standards of scholarly excellence, we owe an enormous debt of appreciation. I also wish to sincerely thank the Editor-in-Chief, Professor Narbaev Mirsadyk Rahimberdievich, the Executive Secretary, Dr. Asilova Zulfiia Atamyrzaevna, and all members of the editorial board for their unwavering commitment and expertise. As we close the chapter on 2025, we do so with optimism and excitement for the opportunities that lie ahead. The coming year, 2026, promises continued growth for EJSMR as we aim to expand our reach, enhance our impact, and welcome even more groundbreaking contributions from researchers worldwide. We invite scholars, practitioners, and emerging voices to submit their work and join us in fostering innovation, collaboration, and the dissemination of knowledge that can shape a better future. Thank you once again for your continued support. We look forward to an inspiring and successful 2026 together. Sincerely, Dipak Chaulagain, MD, MS, FMAS, PhD Associate Professor Deputy Editor-in-Chief Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR) Jalal-Abad International University, Kyrgyz Republic & Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine
FORMATION OF MECHANISMS FOR MEASURING THE "GREEN" ECONOMY AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
This article focuses on the development and implementation of green economy measurement mechanisms in the context of sustainable development in the Kyrgyz Republic. Given global environmental challenges and the need to harmonize economic growth with environmental protection, special attention is paid to the creation of effective assessment tools that will enable the assessment of the impact of economic activity on the country's environmental status, determine the degree of resource efficiency and sustainability of various economic sectors, and develop recommendations for public policy in the areas of ecology and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKS OF PUSHKIN AND LERMONTOV
This article explores the images of women in the works of Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov, focusing on the characteristic features and social contexts in which these characters exist. On the example of “Eugene Onegin” and “The Hero of Our Time” both common and distinctive features inherent in female images are analyzed, which allows a deeper understanding of the authors' artistic vision.
THEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN THE NOVEL BY CH. AITMATOV AND THE DAY LASTS LONGER THAN A CENTURY
The article examines the cognitive-linguistic contents of theological concepts in Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "And the Day Lasts Longer Than a Hundred Years". The aim of the study is to identify and analyze theological concepts, their frequency, cognitemes and proverbial units in the text of the work. The paper presents a statistical analysis of the use of religious and theological lexemes reflecting spiritual and cultural changes in Kyrgyz society at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary associated with the concepts of God, Heaven (Tengri) and their cognitive characteristics — creator, power, patron, omniscient, judge, etc. Idioms and speech formulas that function as proverbial units expressing faith, hope, gratitude and other emotional and evaluative shades are analyzed. The study emphasizes the role of religious concepts as an integral part of national culture and spiritual worldview, as well as their importance for understanding philosophical ideas and images in Aitmatov's works. The results obtained contribute to the development of theolinguistics and the study of religious discourse in cognitive linguistics.
BARPY ALYKULOV AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON: THE ROLE OF HIS WORK IN PRESERVING AND DEVELOPING KYRGYZ NATIONAL IDENTITY
This article explores the cultural and historical significance of Barpy Alykulov (1884–1949), a prominent Kyrgyz akyn (folk poet and improviser), as a key figure in preserving and developing Kyrgyz national identity. Drawing upon his poetic works and mastery of aitysh — the traditional Kyrgyz form of poetic improvisation — the study analyzes how Barpy’s creative legacy reflected social injustice, love for homeland, and collective memory during a period of profound transformation in early 20th-century Central Asia. His poetry is presented not only as an artistic expression but also as a vehicle for social critique, national unity, and cultural continuity. The article further highlights the relevance of Barpy’s work in contemporary Kyrgyz society, particularly in educational and cultural practices, and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding such heritage for future generations.
BASED ON THE RESULTS OF AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPEDITION: FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE KHIVA HALFAS
This article is based on field observations conducted during an independently organized ethnographic expedition by the author in the Khiva region of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2023–2024. The study draws upon field materials directly recorded from informants and provides insight into the traditional cultural practices of the Khiva halfas. The aim of the study is to scientifically analyze the cultural and social roles of female performers known as the Khiva halfas, along with their heritage and traditional practices. Relying on field data, the article delineates the Khiva halfas’ place in communal life through their song and dance performances, with particular emphasis on their ritual functions during family ceremonies (weddings, circumcision rites). The art of halfa is examined not only as an element of oral heritage but also as a phenomenon that affirms the active cultural role of women in society. As examples, the article references prominent halfas from the early 20th century to the 2000s—such as Onabibi Otakozieva (Ojiza), her disciples Oyibibi Matyokubova and her daughter Nodira Bogbekova—as well as musical ensembles like the harmonica players' group. This phenomenon demonstrates the distinct role of women as transmitters of cultural heritage in society and includes an analysis of the master-apprentice tradition, performance-based training, and mechanisms for preserving the folk repertoire. The study concludes with findings on the transformation of the halfa tradition, its continued vitality among contemporary generations, and the significance of this heritage. The article employs methods from folklore studies and ethnographic field observation, as well as content analysis to interpret the structure, thematic content, and poetic elements of the collected song texts.
SIGNIFICANCE OF USING LEASING IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
The article highlights several factors of economic importance. It analyzes whether the mechanism of leasing investment ensures the effective functioning of a competitive market for goods, works, and services. It demonstrates that leasing modernizes agricultural production and the investment process. It is determined that this form of investment activity allows enterprises to fully utilize modern equipment and new technologies. The article discusses the legal nature of leasing and the specifics of legal regulation of leasing relations according to the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic. Based on the analysis of domestic legislation, conflicts and gaps in the legal regulation of leasing agreements were identified, and ways to resolve and address them were proposed.
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN THE JALAL-ABAD REGION (KYRGYZSTAN)
The article analyzes the features of international tourism development in the Jalal-Abad region of the Kyrgyz Republic. The paper examines key factors influencing the tourist attractiveness of the region, such as natural and geographical conditions, cultural heritage and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of tourism development in the context of modern trends, such as ecotourism, agrotourism and cultural routes. The author analyzes the role of international investment, public policy and the private sector in stimulating the growth of the tourism industry. In addition, the socio-economic effects of tourism are examined, including job creation and development of local communities. In conclusion, recommendations are offered for improving infrastructure and increasing the competitiveness of the region in the international tourism market.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE
In the context of the growing ecological crisis and global environmental changes, the issue of sustainable development is becoming increasingly relevant. This article examines the key role of environmental education as a tool for fostering environmentally responsible behavior and worldviews essential for ensuring sustainable interaction between society and nature. Particular attention is given to the concept of sustainable development, which involves meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the opportunities of future generations. The author analyzes the main goals, objectives, and principles of environmental education, as well as its influence on the formation of value systems, environmental awareness, and an active civic stance among both the younger generation and adults. Examples of successful integration of environmental components into educational programs at various levels - from preschool to university - are considered. The necessity of an interdisciplinary approach, the involvement of all participants in the educational process, and the collaboration of educational institutions with public organizations, government agencies, and the media is emphasized. The article concludes that only through targeted environmental education can a sustainable lifestyle be cultivated and a culture of responsible consumption developed - both of which are essential for preserving the biosphere, conserving natural resources, and maintaining ecological balance on the planet.
SEDIMENT AND SLOP PROCESSES: GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHYYIRCHYK SITE (SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN)
The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between precipitation, displacement velocity, and the volume of moving masses on mountain slopes in southern Kyrgyzstan. The research focuses on a slope near the "Chyyrchyk" deposit, characterized by high jointing, variable moisture conditions, and the presence of loose soils. A set of engineering and geological methods was used to assess geoenvironmental conditions, including geodetic surveying, drilling, vertical electrical sounding (VES), laboratory testing of physical and mechanical soil properties, and meteorological observations from the "Gulcha" weather station. The average annual precipitation is 520 mm, with peak rainfall events up to 76 mm/day occurring in the spring–summer period, contributing to pore pressure development and filtration processes. Critical conditions are observed during this period due to the combination of saturated clay layers and jointed carbonate bedrock. Interpretation of VES profiles and borehole data confirms the presence of low-stability zones at depths of 6–12 meters. The development of the upper quarry horizon is expected to reduce geodynamic stress and mitigate landslide risks. The results emphasize the importance of considering climatic and hydrogeological factors in slope stability assessment and the design of protective measures.
INTEGRATION OF SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS INTO THE IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE AGROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
This article explores an innovative approach to the development of the irrigation infrastructure in the Kyrgyz Republic through the integration of small hydropower plants (SHPs). In the context of limited access to irrigation water and inefficient resource management, a comprehensive solution is proposed that combines electricity generation with agricultural irrigation. The current state of the water management system is analyzed, unused land areas with high agricultural potential are identified, and the hydropower potential of small rivers is estimated. Pilot projects in the southern regions of the country are presented as case studies. The paper highlights the role of SHPs as a strategic tool for sustainable agro-economic development. Preliminary techno-economic assessments and scaling recommendations are included.