Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research
The Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR) is an open access, peer reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing high quality research across a wide range of disciplines. Published by Jalal-Abad International University in Kyrgyzstan, EJSMR serves as a dynamic platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative findings, foster cross-disciplinary collaboration, and address contemporary global and regional challenges. With a special focus on the Eurasian region and a welcoming stance toward contributions worldwide, the journal covers fields such as natural sciences, engineering, medicine, social sciences, humanities, environmental studies, business, and economics. Key Information Publisher: Jalal-Abad International University Language of edition: Russian, English Registration: Registered in the Department of Justice of the Jalal-Abad Region of the MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC. Mass media registration certificate registration №10353, 29 - January 2025 Publication frequency: 3 times per year ISSN 1694-9005 (Print) ISSN 1694-9013 (Online) Founded: January 2025 www.ejsmr.org
THE SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL CONTRIBUTION OFDINARA EMENOVNA KANETOVA IN THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL SPACE
This article presents a systematic study of the scientific, pedagogical, and organizational activities of Dinara Emenovna Kanetova, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Associate Professor, in the context of the contemporary educational space. The study analyzes the key stages of her professional development, her many years of experience in higher education, her contribution to the development of topology, and her practical work aimed at improving the educational process through digital technologies. Special attention is given to the theoretical significance, scientific novelty, and methodological value of her research on uniform structures, topological spaces, topological groups, and their mappings. The article also substantiates D.E. Kanetova’s role in managing the quality of higher education, introducing automated information systems, improving educational and methodological support, and expanding international scientific cooperation. Her multifaceted profile as a scholar, educator, administrator, and public intellectual is assessed in accordance with the requirements of the modern academic environment, and her contribution to the development of national science and education is summarized.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Editorial Message – First Issue (Spring Edition, 2026)
Dear Esteemed Readers, Authors, Reviewers, and Members of the Academic Community, Warm greetings from the editorial team of the Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR)! It is with great pleasure and renewed enthusiasm that I present the First Issue of 2026 – marking the beginning of a promising new volume for our journal. As we step into 2026, EJSMR continues its mission to serve as a dynamic platform for high-quality, multidisciplinary research that bridges scientific excellence with real-world relevance, particularly highlighting scholarly contributions from Eurasia and the global academic community. This inaugural issue of the year features a rich collection of original research articles that exemplify innovation, rigor, and interdisciplinary dialogue. The papers span diverse fields including natural sciences, engineering, medical and health sciences, social sciences, environmental studies, and emerging technologies — reflecting the journal’s commitment to addressing contemporary challenges through scholarly inquiry. The successful launch of this new volume would not have been possible without the collective efforts of our dedicated contributors. On behalf of the entire editorial board, I extend sincere gratitude to all authors who have chosen EJSMR as their publication venue and have shared their valuable research with the world. We are equally thankful to our esteemed peer reviewers for their meticulous evaluations and constructive feedback, which uphold the academic standards of our journal. Special appreciation goes to the Editor-in-Chief, Professor Narbaev Mirsadyk Rahimberdievich, Executive Secretary Dr. Asilova Zulfiia Atamyrzaevna, and all members of the editorial board for their visionary leadership and continuous support. As we embark on this new year, we remain fully committed to expanding the journal’s visibility, impact, and accessibility. We warmly invite researchers, academicians, and professionals from around the globe to submit their high-quality manuscripts and contribute to the growing body of knowledge in their respective fields. We look forward to a productive and impactful 2026 filled with groundbreaking research, meaningful collaborations, and continued academic excellence. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust in EJSMR. Sincerely, Dipak Chaulagain, MD, MS, FMAS, PhD Associate Professor Deputy Editor-in-Chief Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR) Jalal-Abad International University, Kyrgyz Republic & Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine
THE MEANING OF THE WORD AS THE PRIMARY TOOL OF THE ETHNOGRAPHER (Based on the example of the words ӦЛӦҤ (чӧп, от, kӧk) ‘grass’ and ӦЛӦҤ ‘song, tale’ in the Altai and Kyrgyz languages)
In ethnography, the meaning of words plays a pivotal role, as it enables researchers to understand the cultural, historical, and social dimensions of people’s lives and to interpret the data they collect. Ethnographers analyze the etymology of words, their origin, and the changes in their meanings over time. The significance of words in ethnography may be revealed through several interrelated aspects. First, the historical context is essential, since many words and expressions preserve information about the past and about events that were important for the bearers of a particular culture. Second, cultural specificity is equally important, as the meaning of a word is often closely connected with cultural traditions, beliefs, rituals, and conceptions of the world, as well as with the interaction of linguistic and ethnic processes, that is, with ethnolinguistics. In field research, ethnographers record not only the appearance of objects or descriptions of actions, but also the ways in which people use language in everyday life. This requires an understanding not only of the literal meaning of words, but also of their functional and symbolic implications. Thus, knowledge of word meanings in ethnography is not merely a linguistic task, but also an essential instrument for understanding culture, history, and social processes. In the Altai and Kyrgyz languages, absolute synonyms constitute a distinct type of paired words that reflect the present state of the language and testify to its close historical connections with other languages. Their study is particularly relevant in view of the growing attention of modern linguists and Turkologists to the semantic structure of analytical units in different languages. Paired doublet words indicate possible ways and sources of vocabulary enrichment, as well as the emergence of new meanings through the use of native words and borrowings from the language of a contact ethnic group. The article is devoted to absolute synonymous doublets within paired nouns in the Altai and Kyrgyz languages. It also examines the terminology associated with the derivative units discussed in the study. The methodological basis of the research is grounded in studies of the word-formation system of complex words in Russian linguistics. The issue of paired words in Russian and Turkic linguistics has been addressed by such scholars as A.A. Potebnya, D.S. Likhachev, G.G. Ibragimov, N.K. Dmitriev, E.I. Ubryatova, F.A. Ganiev, A.T. Kaidarov, N.M. Ondar, I.M. Chebochakova, O.Yu. Kokoshnikova, and others. In the Altai language, a special study was conducted by E.V. Chaichina, while individual aspects of the problem are reflected in the works of N.R. Baizhanova, A.V. Belyakova, and I.N. Muityueva. The author argues that one of the factors contributing to the emergence of paired words with synonymous relations between their components is the presence of homonyms in the language, since one component of the units under consideration is reinforced by a synonym in order to eliminate ambiguity in communication within a multilingual environment. Paired words are characteristic of territories where different language groups come into contact with one another. This phenomenon is highly productive in both the Altai and Kyrgyz languages. The article is based on materials drawn from bilingual dictionaries.
KYRGYZ AS THE ANCIENT METALLURGISTS OF ALTAI
This thesis considers the Altai region as one of the principal centers where the ancient mining tradition and metallurgical culture of the Kyrgyz people took shape. Based on archaeological, written, and historical-ethnographic sources, it analyzes the exploitation of polymetallic ore deposits, the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the advancement of ironworking, as well as the traditions of producing weapons, horse equipment, and household tools. Particular attention is paid to the high level of Kyrgyz craftsmanship in smelting and processing iron and in manufacturing high-quality metal objects. In addition, the thesis characterizes the significance of metal products in the internal economy of the Kyrgyz, their military use, and their role in interregional trade and exchange. As a result, the ancient metallurgical traditions of the Altai are assessed as an important component of the material culture, economic development, and historical heritage of the Kyrgyz people.
LIFE CYCLE AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TUPOLEV'S BARK BEETLE (HYLESINUS TUPOLEVI) IN WALNUT-FRUIT FORESTS OF SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN
This article studies the biological and ecological aspects of the Tupolev's bastard beetle (Hylesinus tupolevi Stark) in walnut-fruit forests of southern Kyrgyzstan. Research conducted between 2021 and 2025 identified the characteristics of its development, ecology, and competitiveness. The species strictly colonizes weakened trees, especially when the sanitary condition of the stands is compromised, which creates breeding grounds. Overwintering occurs as an adult, with widespread ice formation observed in May. Generation is annual, with development lasting 73–85 days. Female fertility reaches 114 eggs. Survival is determined by climatic conditions and food supply. The main mortality factors are adverse weather conditions and entomophages. Higher population rates are observed at the southern and western forest edges, due to temperature conditions.
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT USING UAV-DERIVED DATA AND NUMERICAL MODELING WITH CONSIDERATION OF SOIL GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
This article presents a comprehensive approach to assessing the stability of excavation pit slopes in seismically active regions, based on the integration of remote sensing data using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and numerical modeling using the limit equilibrium method. The study focused on a pit up to 60 m deep, located in a zone of increased seismic activity in the Kyrgyz Republic. A high-precision digital elevation model was generated using aerial photography with a Phantom 4 RTK UAV, which was used to develop a geomechanical calculation model. The stability calculation was performed using the Morgenstern-Price method, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the soils and pseudo-static seismic impact. The slope stability coefficient was assessed, potential slip surfaces were identified, and the most dangerous deformation zones were determined. It was shown that taking seismic impact into account significantly reduces the stability coefficient and requires adjustments to the slope design parameters. The proposed approach improves the reliability of slope geomechanical assessments and can be used in engineering and geological surveys and design in complex geodynamic conditions.
FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE OF THE POLYNOMIALS IN THE SPACE OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS
We explore the use of power series in solving generic polynomial differential equations in four-dimensional space, employing the Caputo fractional derivative. As is widely recognized, power series transform a continuous formulation into a discrete system of difference equations, which can be efficiently solved through recursive methods. The key contribution of this work lies in rigorously proving the convergence of these series in a neighborhood of the initial point. The theory of four-dimensional functions is the new method in mathematics and due to this is scantily explored.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF OLDER ADULTS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS LEVEL
Abstract The aim of the study was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical activity among older adults and to identify the main medical and social factors influencing it. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 150 respondents aged 60 years and older living in urban and rural areas of the Kyrgyz Republic. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square test at a significance level of p<0.05. Results. It was found that 32.0% of respondents engaged in regular physical activity on a daily basis, while 40.0% did so several times a week. A low level of physical activity was identified in 27.0% of those surveyed. Walking was the most common form of activity (84.0%). The main barriers were chronic diseases (58.0%), insufficient motivation (33.3%), and lack of conditions for exercise (24.0%). At the same time, 84.0% of respondents were aware of the importance of physical activity, and 75.3% expressed willingness to participate in health promotion programs. Conclusion. The level of physical activity among the older population remains insufficient and requires the development of comprehensive interdisciplinary programs aimed at increasing physical activity and preventing chronic diseases.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS, CYCLICITY, AND SEASONAL TRANSFORMATION OF MEASLES INCIDENCE IN THE JALAL-ABAD REGION (2014–2025)
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics, seasonal variability, and epidemiological features of measles incidence among the rural population and at the regional level in the Jalal-Abad region of the Kyrgyz Republic. A retrospective analysis of official statistical data for 2014–2025 was conducted using comparative and analytical methods. It was established that the measles epidemic process has a pronounced cyclical pattern with peaks occurring every 3–4 years. During periods of epidemic intensification, incidence rates reached 244.5 per 100,000 population at the regional level and 206.9 among the rural population (2015), and in 2023 — 138.7 and 110.2, respectively. In 2024–2025, a decline in incidence intensity was observed to 106.4–40.8 at the regional level and 97.4–35.2 in rural areas. It was found that regional indicators consistently exceed rural values by 1.1–1.6 times. The incidence among children under 14 years of age is 2–4 times higher than in the general population, reaching 482.3 per 100,000 population during epidemic peaks. Seasonal dynamics are characterized by variability: from a pronounced autumn-winter peak (October–November 2023, up to 46.8 per 100,000 population) to a shift of activity to the winter-spring period (2024) and a smoother pattern without a pronounced seasonal rise (2025). The identified features are due to external and independent vaccination coverage, the presence of “immune gaps” and fluctuations in the level of herd immunity. The obtained results highlight the need to strengthen immunization programs and epidemiological surveillance.
The world’s first clinical functional and radiological outcomes of ozone assisted arthodiastasis: A case study
Introduction: Early osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip are major causes of pain and disability in young and middle-aged adults, necessitating effective joint-preserving strategies. Ozone-assisted arthrodiastasis offers both mechanical decompression of the hip joint and biochemical benefits from medical ozone, which possesses anti- inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of this combined therapeutic approach. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 328 patients aged 18–65 years with early-stage AVN (Ficat–Arlet I–III) or early degenerative hip disease unresponsive to conservative therapy. All patients received a 50 cc intra-articular injection of medical ozone (20–40 μg/mL) under fluoroscopic guidance, followed by standardized physiotherapy and follow-up at 1, 3, and 6 months. Pain (VAS), function (Harris Hip Score), and radiological parameters were assessed at each visit. Femoral head survival and adverse events were also analyzed. Results: Baseline assessments showed significant pain (VAS 7.2 ± 1.1) and impaired function (HHS 54.3 ± 8.8). Pain reduced significantly at follow-up, with VAS scores decreasing to 4.3 at 1 month, 3.6 at 3 months, and 3.1 at 6 months (p < 0.001). Functional outcomes improved markedly, with HHS increasing to 68.9 at 3 months and 74.2 at 6 months. Radiologically, 67.4% of patients showed no disease progression, 25.6% showed improvement, and only 2.7% progressed to femoral head collapse. Femoral head survival was highest in Stage I (97.9%) and Stage II (93.1%). Adverse events occurred in 25.3% but were mild and self-limiting, with no major complications. Conclusion: Ozone-assisted arthrodiastasis is a safe, minimally invasive, and effective hip- preservation procedure that significantly reduces pain, improves function, and stabilizes early-stage AVN and degenerative hip disease. The high femoral head survival rates show it may delay or prevent the need for surgical intervention in early disease stages.
Assessment of exercise tolerance in patients with acute myocardial infarction after angioplasty in a multidisciplinary hospital
Currently, according to the St. Petersburg CardioRegistry since 2016, which includes the entire volume of medical care provided to all patients with acute coronary syndrome in all medical institutions of St. Petersburg, there is no data on the performance of exercise tests to assess exercise tolerance (ET) before the end of the inpatient treatment phase. Assessment of ET before discharge from the hospital or transfer to a rehabilitation department is important not only for evaluating the effectiveness of endovascular treatment but also for effective and safe cardiac rehabilitation of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at all stages. Predicting the construction of personalized cardiac rehabilitation programs based on different ET in patients with varying degrees of myocardial revascularization and left ventricular contractile function will be the basis for recommendations on early effective rehabilitation after revascularization surgery. These programs will undoubtedly determine the success of rehabilitation measures at subsequent stages for restoring the health and ability to work of patients, as well as reducing the risks of recurrent coronary events. The aim of the work is to evaluate the safety of using exercise tests in the early stages of AMI treatment and to determine the difference in ET in patients with varying degrees of myocardial revascularization and left ventricular contractile function for the subsequent construction of personalized cardiac rehabilitation programs. Materials and methods. We examined 173 patients urgently admitted to the regional vascular center with AMI (Q-AMI – 95 patients, non-Q-AMI – 78 patients) aged 38 to 79 years (average age 59±11 years). Patients underwent coronary angiography, emergency angioplasty and coronary artery stenting, and echocardiography to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients were divided into groups depending on the completeness of myocardial revascularization and LVEF. Upon discharge from the hospital, transfer to a rehabilitation department or a specialized sanatorium (average hospitalization duration was 11 days), stress tests were performed: a six-minute walk test (6MWT), and bicycle ergometry test (BET) on a vertical or horizontal bicycle ergometer (Schiller), which determined ET. The results of the work showed that with proper clinical selection of patients, taking into account the severity of cardiovascular diseases and concomitant somatic pathology, with an assessment of the risks of complications, performing stress tests by qualified medical staff of a multidisciplinary hospital before discharge is a safe method of functional diagnosis. Significant differences in ET in patients in different groups were identified, which allows for a personalized approach in the early inpatient stage of cardiac rehabilitation, including individual metered physical activity. Conclusion: The completeness of myocardial revascularization and LVEF are among the significant factors affecting ET in patients with AMI after endovascular surgery and should be taken into account when designing personalized cardiac rehabilitation programs. A personalized approach based on clear clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data will improve the cardiac rehabilitation system for patients after AMI in general.
Headache in Brain Tumors and Gliomas: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management
Background: Headache is among the most frequently reported symptoms in patients harboring intracranial tumors, including gliomas of all WHO grades. Despite its prevalence, the characteristics, pathophysiology, and optimal management of tumor-associated headache remain incompletely understood and are often overshadowed by the oncological focus of care. Objectives: This review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and management of headache in patients with primary brain tumors, with particular emphasis on gliomas spanning WHO grades I through IV, including pilocytic astrocytoma, low-grade diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma (GBM). Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database. Publications from 1990 to 2024 were considered, with priority given to prospective cohort studies, systematic reviews, and authoritative guidelines including ICHD-3 and the 2021 WHO CNS tumor classification. Results: Headache occurs in approximately 36–60% of brain tumor patients, with the highest prevalence and severity in GBM and posterior fossa tumors. The classic early-morning headache is present in fewer than one-third of patients; most tumor-associated headaches resemble tension-type or non-specific headache. Pathophysiological mechanisms include raised intracranial pressure, meningeal traction, vasogenic peritumoral edema, and neuroinflammatory sensitization. Headache characteristics differ meaningfully across tumor types as documented in literature reviews of GBM, astrocytomas, and pilocytic astrocytoma. Management requires integration of corticosteroids, analgesics, neurosurgical resection, and palliative care; extent of resection independently influences headache outcomes and survival. Conclusion: Tumor-associated headache requires systematic evaluation with neuroimaging and an individualized, multidisciplinary management strategy encompassing the full disease trajectory.
Prevalence and Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Medical Studentsat Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent sensorimotor neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, typically accompanied by uncomfortable sensations that worsen during rest and at night and are relieved by movement. Although increasingly recognized across diverse populations, data on RLS prevalence among medical students in Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, remain limited. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from December 10, 2025, to March 20, 2026, at Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan. Using convenience sampling, 450 undergraduate medical students (62.2% male, 37.8% female) aged 18–26 years completed a structured, self-administered questionnaire incorporating the four essential IRLSSG diagnostic criteria and adapted questions from the IRLSSG Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Results: Approximately 20% (n=90) of participants satisfied all four IRLSSG criteria for probable RLS. Symptoms were predominantly mild to moderate in severity (mean overall symptom score: 1.3 on a 0–5 scale). A total of 17.8% reported that leg symptoms adversely affected academic performance or daily activities, and 20% slept fewer than five hours per night. Family history of RLS was noted in 17.8%, and 57.8% expressed interest in learning RLS management strategies. Conclusion: This study identifies a 20% prevalence of probable RLS among medical students in Kyrgyzstan—comparable to findings from Saudi Arabia and exceeding those from Pakistan—with notable sleep disruption and academic impact. Routine screening, sleep hygiene education, and targeted interventions addressing modifiable risk factors should be incorporated into medical training programs. Multi-center, clinically validated studies across Central Asia are warranted.
Influence of Predictors of Hair Loss Among Medical Students in Manas City, Kyrgyzstan:A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Hair loss (alopecia) is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, psychological, and environmental factors. Medical students represent a particularly vulnerable population due to prolonged academic stress, sleep deprivation, dietary irregularities, and, in the context of international medical programs, exposure to new environmental conditions including changes in water quality. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and self-perceived predictors of hair loss among medical students in Manas City, Kyrgyzstan, and to examine the impact of hair loss on students' self-confidence and health-seeking behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 1 to November 15 among 582 voluntarily participating medical students in Manas City, using an online, self-administered Google Form questionnaire encompassing both open- and closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all variables. Results: The majority of respondents were aged 17–22 years (80.5%), and females predominated (67.35%, n=392). Water quality was identified as the primary perceived trigger (68.56%) and main cause (65.1%) of hair loss, far exceeding stress (10.82%), diet (10.65%), and poor hair care (7.04%). Approximately 300 students first noticed hair loss within days of arrival in Manas City, supporting an environmental onset. Hair loss adversely affected self-confidence in 74.2% of respondents, yet only 13.9% sought professional consultation. Conclusion: Hair loss is prevalent among medical students in Manas City and is predominantly attributed to local water quality, representing a distinctive environmental predictor not prominently featured in comparable international studies. Comprehensive interventions encompassing water quality assessment, stress management programs, nutritional support, and dermatological access are urgently recommended.
Current Concepts in Epidemiology, Molecular Classification, Surgical Management, Prognostic Factors, and Future Directions: A Comprehensive Review of Gliomas
Background: Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors in adults, collectively accounting for more than 80% of all malignant central nervous system neoplasms. Their heterogeneous biology, variable clinical behavior, and resistance to multimodal therapy contribute to persistently poor prognoses, particularly for high-grade variants such as glioblastoma (GBM). Objective: This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, molecular classification, surgical management, prognostic factors, and emerging therapeutic strategies for gliomas in neuro-oncological surgery. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted of peer-reviewed literature published primarily between 2015 and 2026 using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Search terms included 'glioma,' 'glioblastoma,' 'extent of resection,' 'IDH mutation,' 'WHO classification,' and related terms. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and high-quality retrospective series were prioritized. Results: The 2021 WHO classification has fundamentally restructured glioma taxonomy, anchoring diagnosis in molecular markers including IDH mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and H3K27 alteration. Maximal safe surgical resection remains the cornerstone of management. Intraoperative adjuncts—5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence, intraoperative MRI (iMRI), and awake craniotomy—substantially increase the rate of GTR. Temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy following the Stupp protocol remains the standard for GBM; however, immunotherapy and targeted molecular agents are demonstrating promise in early-phase trials. Conclusion: Advances in molecular diagnostics, surgical technology, and multimodal oncological therapy are gradually improving outcomes for glioma patients. Future efforts must address tumor recurrence, blood–brain barrier penetration, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and health-related quality of life.
Trends and Outcomes of Cesarean Deliveries in Manas, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan: A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Contributing Factors
Background: Cesarean section (CS) rates have risen dramatically worldwide, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold of 10–15%. In Kyrgyzstan, national CS rates have more than doubled over the past decade, reaching 13–14% nationally and up to 20–38% in individual institutions. Despite this trend, region-specific data from smaller districts such as Manas, Jalal-Abad, remain sparse, limiting the ability to monitor and optimize local obstetric practice. Objectives: This study aimed to (i) determine the CS rate in Manas over the study period, (ii) identify the most common indications for CS, and (iii) evaluate associated maternal and neonatal outcomes, including postoperative complications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1, 2025, to March 7, 2026, in Manas, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan. A structured questionnaire was administered via Google Forms to 65 eligible women (women who had experienced pregnancy or delivered more than one child). Descriptive statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Results: The overall CS rate was 41.5% (n=27/65), substantially higher than the WHO-recommended range. The most frequently identified indication was premature rupture of membranes (PROM), with preeclampsia representing the predominant maternal complication. Neonatal outcomes were largely favorable; however, a minority of neonates required NICU admission. A total of 43.1% of participants reported a prior CS history, and 72.3% delivered in private facilities. Conclusion: The CS rate in Manas substantially exceeds WHO recommendations and mirrors rising operative delivery trends observed across Kyrgyzstan and globally. While favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes affirm the clinical utility of CS in high-risk presentations, the elevated rate underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines, standardized indications, and systematic monitoring to curtail medically unwarranted procedures.
Comprehensive Review of Astrocytoma: Epidemiology, Molecular Classification, Diagnosis, Surgical Management, Adjuvant Therapies, and Prognosis
Background: Astrocytomas constitute the most prevalent group of primary brain neoplasms arising from astrocytic glial cells. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System (CNS) introduced a paradigm shift by integrating molecular diagnostics with histopathology, fundamentally reorganising how astrocytomas are defined, graded, and managed. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive, evidence-based synthesis of astrocytoma epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, surgical management, adjuvant therapies, prognosis, and emerging trends, integrating contemporary original research. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Priority was given to high-quality original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: Extent of surgical resection (EOR) is the most consistently demonstrated independent prognostic factor across all astrocytoma grades. For anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3), GTR conferred significantly improved overall survival versus subtotal resection or biopsy in both retrospective and systematic review analyses. Case-based evidence in glioblastoma further reinforces the survival impact of maximal resection. Conclusion: Astrocytoma management demands individualised, molecularly guided, and surgically aggressive strategies.
Multi-factorial Analysis of Institutional Determinants in Medical Education Performance Among Three Government Medical Colleges
Objective: This study aimed to investigate multi-factorial analysis of Institutional Determinants in Medical Education Performance among three Government medical colleges. Methodology: This Cross-sectional Descriptive type of Observational study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College, Jamalpur Medical College, Jamalpur, and Netrakona Medical College for one year from January 2023 to December 2023. Purposive type non-probability sampling was done. Confidentiality of data was maintained. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Mymensingh Medical College. All data were analyzed by the statistical software SPSS version 26. Result: Significant inter-institutional differences were observed in teacher–student ratio (p = 0.021), departmental count (p = 0.015), and first professional pass rates (p = 0.038). Newer institutions like Netrakona Medical College demonstrated more favorable staffing ratios and higher pass rates, whereas older colleges like Mymensingh Medical College showed stronger infrastructural systems, including Medical Education Units (MEUs) and Skills Centers. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that structural variables (teacher–student ratio and department count) explained 61% of performance variance, increasing to 83% with the addition of quality systems (MEU presence and faculty development), and reaching 92% after incorporating research output (all predictors p < 0.05). Pathway analysis demonstrated that MEUs exerted the greatest total effect on academic performance (0.63), followed by departmental diversity (0.55), while unfavorable teacher–student ratios had a significant negative total effect (–0.46). Effect size ranking identified MEUs and departmental diversity as the most influential determinants (f² > 0.35). Conclusion: This multi-factorial analysis demonstrates that while structural resources such as staffing ratios and departmental expansion contribute significantly to medical college performance, institutional quality systems—particularly Medical Education Units and faculty development programs—are the most powerful drivers of academic success.
Central Vein Stenosis in patients undergoing Hemodialysis through Arteriovenous Access: Experience from a University Hospital of Nepal
Introduction: Adequate delivery of hemodialysis is only possible through effective access. This is most commonly achieved through an arteriovenous fistula, followed by an arteriovenous graft, and tunneled cuffed catheter. Central vein stenosis is a common and troublesome issue in patients undergoing hemodialysis through arteriovenous access, usually due to preexisting temporary internal jugular catheter or permanent cuffed tunneled catheter. They commonly present with swelling of the neck, breasts and extremities. Some of the major predisposing factors for development of CVS are placement of multiple catheters, longer duration, location in subclavian vein, and placement on the lefthand side of the neck. Objective: The main aim of this study is to identify the interventions done for failed arteriovenous fistulas and evaluate the cases feasible for balloon angioplasty. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study where all the cases of angiograms with or without angioplasty for stenosis in drainage of arterio-venous fistulas created for dialysis access from October 1st 2020, to January 31s 2022, were included in the study. In each case, detailed imaging of drainage and the presence of central vein stenosis were noted. The possibility of balloon angioplasty for the central vein stenosis was noted, along with the outcome after the procedure. Results: There were 62 interventions for failed arteriovenous fistulas. Of them, central vein stenosis was present in 27 cases (43.5%), which included 16 (59.3%) males and 11 (40.7%) females. In 26 patients (96.3%), there was a history of catheterization involving the central vein at least once. The number of cases with a history of catheterization in the involved vein for one time, two times, or more than two times was 6 (22.2%), 15 (55.6%), and 4 (14.8%), respectively. Prominent visible collateral was present in 11 (40/7%) patients, with the most common sites being both the neck and chest (5 cases). The most common indication of intervention was swelling, present in 22 (81.5%) cases. Innominate veins were involved in 15 (55.5%) cases. Negotiation of a catheter via stenosis was feasible in 15 cases (55.6%), while balloon angioplasty was possible in 6 (22.2%) cases. Conclusion: Central vein stenosis can cause fistula failure. The primary intervention done in these cases includes balloon angioplasty; however, stenting can be done if this fails.
Exosome Therapy versus Platelet-Rich Plasma for Facial Skin Rejuvenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a standard autologous treatment for facial skin rejuvenation, but exosome therapy offers a cell-free alternative with potentially superior signaling efficiency and tolerability. This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes of exosome therapy versus PRP. Methods: In this single-center, parallel-group RCT, 100 participants (50 per arm) with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI seeking facial rejuvenation were enrolled. Participants received either PRP therapy, administered via both intradermal injection and microneedling, or exosome therapy, which was delivered exclusively through microneedling at sessions 1, 3, and 6 months. Primary outcome: Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) rated by clinician and patient. Secondary outcomes: 5-point Likert scales for efficacy (A1–A10), safety/tolerability (B1–B7), satisfaction/consistency (C1–C8), and open-ended feedback. Results: Mean age was 31.8 ± 10.9 years (88% female). Exosome therapy demonstrated superior clinician-rated GAIS (3.78 ± 0.61 vs PRP 3.55 ± 0.68; p=0.012) and patient-rated GAIS (3.71 ± 0.65 vs 3.48 ± 0.72; p=0.018). Moderate/significant improvement (GAIS ≥4) was higher with exosomes (clinician: 56% vs 48%, p=0.031; patient: 53% vs 45%, p=0.024). Overall efficacy scores (A1–A10) favored exosomes (3.51 ± 0.74 vs 3.28 ± 0.82; p=0.004). Tolerability was significantly better with exosomes (B1–B7: 4.12 ± 0.48 vs 3.85 ± 0.61; p=0.001), with lower rates of pain (12% vs 35%), redness (16% vs 28%), and swelling/bruising (9% vs 22%; all p<0.05). Satisfaction and recommendation rates were high in both arms. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion: Exosome therapy is superior to PRP in efficacy, GAIS improvement, and tolerability for facial skin rejuvenation. It represents a promising non-autologous alternative.
A Prospective Comparative Study of Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Exosome Therapy in Non –Scarring Alopecia
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and exosome therapy are regenerative treatments for androgenetic alopecia. PRP uses autologous growth factors, while exosomes deliver bioactive molecules for potentially faster hair regrowth. Objective: To compare efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of PRP versus exosome therapy in alopecia. Methods: A Prospective observational study with 140 observations (70 PRP, 70 exosome) from adults with non-scarring alopecia (74.3% androgenetic). Participants received either PRP therapy, administered via both intradermal injection and microneedling, or exosome therapy, which was delivered exclusively through microneedling at sessions 1, 3, and 6 months. Outcomes were assessed by hair density, shedding, new hair growth, side effects, patient satisfaction level (0–10 scale). Data was analyzed with chi-square and t-tests. Results: Exosome therapy showed superior tolerability (pain: 1.4% vs 98.6% in PRP, p<0.001). Moderate-to-significant improvement in hair density was higher with exosomes (61.4% vs 35.7%, p=0.004) and shedding reduction (57.1% vs 38.6%, p=0.042). New hair growth (71.4% vs 54.3%) and visible improvement within 1–3 months (45.7% vs 21.4%, p=0.003) favored exosomes. Satisfaction was higher (5.7 ± 1.7 vs 4.5 ± 1.8, p<0.001). Conclusion: Exosome therapy demonstrated better tolerability, faster results, greater efficacy, and higher satisfaction than PRP for alopecia. Randomized trials are needed.
Effect of Family History on Treatment Response in Alopecia Areata Patients
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of family history on treatment response in alopecia areata patients. Methodology: This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out among 60 patients attending Dr. Lina's Skin and Aesthetics center, Dhaka within the defined period from January 2026 to March 2026. Permission was taken from the Administrative Head of the Dr. Lina's Skin and Aesthetics center authority to collect data. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the patients. Informed written consent was taken from each Participant. Privacy and confidentiality was maintained strictly. The collected data were entered into the computer and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20.1). Patient diagnosed with alopecia areata by qualified Dermatologists will be enrolled for the study. Result: In our study 11.67 % alopecia areata patients give positive family history and most of the patients (88.33%) family history was negative. Patients with a positive family history had significantly poorer treatment responses (28.6% vs 66.0% achieving >50% regrowth, p=0.046). Patients with positive family history showed poor responses to both treatments (Fractional CO2 Laser and Intralesional steroid injection), suggesting these subgroups may benefit from alternative or combination therapeutic approaches. Conclusion: Patients with a positive family history had significantly poorer treatment responses suggesting family history as an independent prognostic factor.
Efficacy and Safety of Combined Subcision and Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Atrophic Acne Scars
Background: Atrophic acne scars constitute a prevalent sequela of acne vulgaris, exerting substantial psychosocial morbidity, particularly among individuals with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes III–V, which predominate in South Asian populations. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of combined subcision and autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate atrophic acne scars across one, three, and six treatment sessions. Methods: A prospective observational study with repeated-measures design enrolled 50 patients (approximately 150 assessment time-points). Treatments were administered at 4-week intervals. Standardized assessments included patient-perceived percentage improvement, dermatologist-assessed percentage improvement, Clinician and Patient Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scores, skin texture and tone ratings, and overall satisfaction. Adverse events were prospectively documented. Results: A clear dose-dependent therapeutic response was observed. Mean patient-perceived improvement increased from 11.14% ± 3.39% (1 session) to 19.43% ± 8.19% (3 sessions) and 28.34% ± 7.09% (6 sessions). Corresponding dermatologist-assessed improvement from 20.92% ± 3.26% to 29.11% ± 7.79% and 41.91% ± 5.37%, respectively. Mean Clinician GAIS scores progressed from 3.06 to 4.00 and 4.02. Overall satisfaction improved from 3.90 ± 1.56 to 5.51 ± 0.85 and 8.10 ± 1.54 on a 10-point scale. Recommendation rate was 100%. Side effects were mild and transient, with no serious adverse events or recurrence noted at 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: Combined subcision and PRP represents an efficacious and safe modality for the management of atrophic acne scars in Fitzpatrick skin types III–V, demonstrating progressive benefit with increasing treatment sessions.
The influence of the mountain climate on trauma
The results of the experimental study indicate that the healing of soft tissue wounds and bone wounds of the mandible in rabbits consist of resorption of necrotic masses of soft tissues and sequesters, proliferation of macrophages and fibroblasts, the formation of granulation and connective tissue initially loose and then fibrous, as well as the regeneration of cartilage with subsequent replacement of its osteoid and bone tissue.
Comprehensive lifestyle modifications delay diabetes progression
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disease in the world. The majority of patients with DM (90–95%) develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. This type of DM arises through the gradual loss of insulin secretion which may be partly related to obesity, physical inactivity, pancreatic beta-cell function decline and eventual hyperglycemia. The hypothesis of this study was to investigate whether lifestyle modification delay diabetes progression or not. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the department of pathology of Dhaka National Medical College from July 2025 to October 2025. Total 148 subjects were classified into two groups. Well controlled DM patients (HbA1c less than or equal 6.5) were considered as an unknown stage (n=85) and poor controlled DM patients (HbA1c greater than or equal 8) were considered as stage 1-3 (n= 63). Purposive sampling was done according to availability of patients. Ethical clearance was obtained from the appropriate authority to get permission to collect data. The collected data were entered into the computer and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20.1) Results: Patients with stage 1-3 tended to be older (mean age 47.9 vs. 44.9 years, p= 0.063). Alcohol use was significantly more prevalent in stage 1-3 (52.7% vs. 47.3%, p=0.014), while physical activity pattern was similar across groups (p=0.615 active vs. inactive comparisons). Pregnancy/lactation status among female participants also didn’t differ by staging (57.9% unknown stage vs. 42.1% stage 1-3, p=0.6). Patients with a low-risk profile (non-smokers, non- drinkers, and physically active) were significantly more prevalent in the Unknown Stage (32.2%) compared to Stage 1-3 (27.0%, p=0.04). No significant differences were observed for other lifestyle combinations (all p>0.05), though trends suggest higher rates of high-risk behaviors (smoking + alcohol + inactivity) in Stage 1-3 patients (24.3% vs. 18.6%, p= 0.34). Multivariable logistic regression confirmed older age (per decade: aOR=1.32, 95% CI:1.08- 1.61, p= 0.01) as independent predictors of Stage 1-3 diabetes, while physical activity was protective (aOR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.38 -0.98, p= 0.04). Male gender showed no significant association (p= 0.62). These results, derived through maximum likelihood estimation, demonstrate that modifiable lifestyle factors significantly influence diabetes progression. Conclusion: Physically active patients were significantly more prevalent in the Unknown Stage compared to Stage 1-3. These findings support that comprehensive lifestyle modifications may delay diabetes progression.
Comparison of the functional outcome of extramedullary and intramedullary fixation for unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures
The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcome of patients undergoing extramedullary and intramedullary fixation types for unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. Methods: 52 cases of unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures (AO/OTA 31A2.2-31A3.30) were treated in between 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2017 at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups by consecutive sampling. Group A underwent intramedullary fixation while group B underwent extramedullary fixation. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically for outcome. All patients were followed up for an average of 24 weeks. Outcome was assessed using the Lower Extremity Measure (LEM) Score. Result: In this study, 52 cases of unstable intertrochanteric fractures were divided into two groups and treated. In the study, 27 patients were male and 25 were female. In the intramedullary group, 07(27%) were from younger age group and 19(73%) were in the older age group. In the extramedullary group 06(23%) were from the younger age group while 20(77%) were from the older age group. In the study, 27 (52%) fractures united within 10-12 weeks and there was no significant difference amongst the two groups. There was no significant difference in the overall functional outcome amongst the two groups (p=0.552) at four months. Conclusion: In this study, there was no significant difference in the functional outcome of patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures treated with intramedullary or extramedullary fixation although large, multicentre and longer duration studies can be undertaken to evaluate this further.
PROBLEMS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN KYRGYZSTAN AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
In the framework of the Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 369 dated December 18, 2024, titled “National Spirit – World Heights” (“Ungu Zhol”), the preservation of national values and historical memory is defined as a priority of state policy. This article analyzes the protection of Kyrgyzstan’s historical and archaeological heritage at the state strategic level. The author examines the historical roots of “black archaeology,” revealing its scientific and ethical consequences. The study explores experiences ranging from the historical decrees of Peter I to modern “space archaeology.” The British “Portable Antiquities Scheme” (PAS) is proposed as a model for Kyrgyzstan. Scientific perspectives of both world and domestic scholars are also reviewed. Furthermore, specific practical recommendations are provided for the preservation of archaeological sites, the legalization of metal detectors, and the transformation of public consciousness.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRACTICAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR INDIAN STUDENTS IN A KYRGYZ UNIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL COMFORT AND ADAPTATION (PRE-POST STUDY)
International students’ participation in physical education depends not only on workload, but also on comfort, motivation, adaptation, and communication. Objective. To assess the perceived effectiveness of practical PE classes among first-year Indian students in a Kyrgyz university and identify factors associated with more favorable self-reported changes in physical fitness. Materials and methods. A prospective baseline and final survey was conducted over one semester (18 weeks; two classes weekly). The pre-survey included 220 students and the post-survey 212 students. Results. Only 28.2% reported regular PE experience before university, while 40.0% had rare or no regular experience. After the semester, 27.4% reported improvement, whereas 72.6% reported no improvement or deterioration. Mean post-survey scores were: physical comfort 2.93±1.09, motivation 3.16±1.21, adaptation 3.36±0.94, communication confidence 3.50±0.88, and clarity of instruction 3.39±0.99. More favorable perceived outcomes were significantly associated with higher scores across all five domains (all p<0.001). Conclusions. Adaptation-sensitive PE design is advisable for first-year international students.
ADAPTATION OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (RFL) TEACHING MATERIALS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE COGNITIVE AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN MEDICAL STUDENTS
This article addresses the adaptation of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) learning materials for first-year Indian medical students by considering their cognitive and cultural learning characteristics. The study is relevant due to the growing number of Indian students in medical universities and the need to improve RFL outcomes in programmes where core medical subjects are delivered in English. The aim is to design and pilot an integrative model of RFL material adaptation that combines (i) a contrastive RU–EN component, (ii) visual-algorithmic grammar support, and (iii) professionally oriented medical communication tasks, and to evaluate its impact on students’ linguistic and communicative performance. The empirical part follows a quasi-experimental pre/post design with a sample of 45 Indian first-year medical students. Data were collected through grammar-accuracy tests (cases, aspect, government patterns), written-work error analysis, classroom observation (oral participation, frequency of English insertions), and a self-assessment questionnaire measuring confidence in speaking. After implementing the adapted materials, the results indicate improved grammatical accuracy, reduced interference-driven errors, and increased communicative activity. The most notable progress was observed in case usage and typical RU–EN interference patterns. The findings support the value of targeted, evidence-informed adaptation of RFL materials for English-medium medical cohorts and can inform the development of course packs, diagnostics, and early-stage professional communication scenarios.
MUGHANA SITES IN THE KОK-TASH AREA OF ALA-BUKA DISTRICT: A HISTORICAL–ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ORAL HISTORY
Stone structures of the “mugkhana” type that are widely distributed in the Kоk-Tash area of Ala-Buka District, Jalal-Abad Region, constitute a distinctive layer of the local tangible cultural heritage. Based on field observations, this article characterizes the distribution area of these mugkhanas, their architectural and construction features, compositional planning, and current state of preservation. In addition, using the oral history method, the study systematizes local residents’ recollections, terminological explanations, and folk interpretations concerning the functions of these structures. A comparative analysis of archaeological indicators and ethnographic data makes it possible to substantiate the chronology of the mugkhanas and their potential association with burial practices, road checkpoints, or functions of sacral marking. The findings provide an evidence-based scholarly rationale for strengthening the inventorying, documentation, and protection of heritage sites in the region.