Clinical Progress and Prognosis in Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Insights from Contemporary Evidence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63666/ejsmr.1694-9013.3.I.2025.63Keywords:
Transient ischemic attack, prognosis, stroke recurrence, prognostic factors, neuroimagingAbstract
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) serves as a critical warning for ischemic stroke, with recent advances in rapid evaluation and secondary prevention significantly altering its prognosis. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes evidence from studies published between 2020 and 2025, highlighting reductions in short-term stroke risk due to urgent management protocols, while emphasizing persistent long-term risks. Key prognostic factors include diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) positivity, large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolic etiology, and clinical variables such as age and diabetes. Contemporary short-term (90-day) stroke risks range from 1–6% in optimized settings, contrasting with historical rates of 10–20%. Long-term (5–10 year) risks remain elevated at 9–15%, underscoring the need for sustained prevention. Imaging and etiologic stratification emerge as pivotal for risk prediction beyond traditional clinical scores. Clinical implications focus on multimodal assessment and personalized therapy to mitigate recurrence.
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